Advertising and Childhood Obesity Essay -- Health, Diseases

According to the Centers for Disease Control (2007), the rate of obesity among children between the ages of six and eleven in the United States has increased close to five convictions compared with the rate in the 1970s (Yu 87). There are over nine million children in the U.S. like a shot between the ages of six and eleven who are considered to be obese (Yu 87). The real question is what is the exact cause of obesity in children today? Some mountain believe in that location is a link between the advert children see on TV and obesity. There are many factors that hire up to puerility obesity. Children and adolescents, who are obese, are usually caused by several things. Both exposure to television food advertising and obesity are highly linked with the time children spend in front of the television, the parenting style and exposure to other kids of marking (Veerman). Here are some of the factors that may contribute to childhood obesity miss of physical activity, unhe althy eating habits, genetics, social factors, media, and the environment. Advertising does not contribute to childhood obesity al maven and solely targeting advertising as being the and factor will not make a huge impact on this ever-growing problem (Childhood Obesity). Some people argue that advertising is the only link but I will explain to you the reasons that I believe work together to cause the obesity epidemic. The first cause that I will be talking about is advertising. The television market spends 10 billion on advertising in the hopes of influencing children (Zimmerman 336). The most common product advertize on television is food ads. During Saturday morning cartoons children will be exposed to one commercial pertaining to food around every five minutes (Zimme... ...es and lead by example the kinds of food you buy for them. If they see you buying the healthy, nutritious foods than they will most likely buy them as well. If parents are more responsible, when it co mes to teach their children how to live a healthier lifestyle, we will probably see more of a decrease in childhood obesity.As I have explained there are many factors that contribute to childhood obesity. I dont think they the issue can be linked to just the advertising to children alone. I have told you about some of the other factors that combined together contribute to childhood obesity. They include but are not limited to advertising, convenience of fast food, genetics, the environment and one of the biggest contributions, parental influence. If you find your child heading in the direction of childhood obesity consider all the things I talked about.

austins theory of law :: essays research papers

Laws in the most general sense atomic number 18 rules made by one reasoned being for the guidance of another intelligent being, the former having ply over the latter.- All laws are a species of command, a command being an expression of a wish or desire that some other person do something. Commands can only be issued by one who has the power and intention to put down a sanction in the event of disobedience.- A legal duty is a liability to a sanction for refusal to comply with a command. Hence, commands and duties are joint there cant be one without the other. Commands are said to bind or oblige the person to whom they are directed. Sanctions are always mean to be evils, never goods. Rewards (bribes) cannot be sanctions.- Conclusion regarding the basic definition of law a command that obliges a person to observe a general furrow of conduct, issued by a superior (in power) to an inferior.- Special problemsCustomary laws and rules of common morality which may appear to oblige ind ependently of any superior power are not really laws until recognized by a court.Common laws (judge-made law) likewise may appear not to stem from a superior power. Austin argues such laws are tacitly commanded by the state.Legal rights are creatures of law, but they are not exercised by following orders the option to exercise a right is up to the owner of the right. Austin no law creates a right without also creating a correlative duty, hence the link with commands.- Positive Law is a mountain of commands issued by a sovereign to his subjects. The sovereign is a determinate person or group (a) who receives habitual obedience from the bulk of society (he is the superior power within his society) and (b) is not in a habit of obedience to a like superior group (independent of any other

Macbeths Conscience in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- essays research

William Shakespeares seventeenth century tragedy, Macbeth, tells the story of Macbeth, whose ambition leads him to perfor art objectce his fuddled friends. In the play, he is told that he will become king, but to speed up the process he is convinced to kill the current king, Duncan. Although he is pictured as a vile, evil character, the scene before he murders Duncan, his thoughts after the murder, and his encounters with his friends ghost show that Macbeth truly is a man of conscience. by and by his wife encourages Macbeth to kill King Duncan when he visits their home, Macbeth truly considers the idea. Shakespeare allows his character to mull over the act and consequences in a soliloquy which, not solely weighs the likely bad practical consequences of his act but shows him perfectly cognisant, in a way an evil man would not be, of moral values baffling outgrowth I am his kinsman and subjectStrong as both against the deed, then as his host,Who should against his murderers shut t he doorNot bear the knife myself (Scott 156)Macbeth is in full aware of the crime he commits. Before comm... Macbeths Conscience in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay -- essays researchWilliam Shakespeares seventeenth century tragedy, Macbeth, tells the story of Macbeth, whose ambition leads him to murder his close friends. In the play, he is told that he will become king, but to speed up the process he is convinced to kill the current king, Duncan. Although he is portrayed as a vile, evil character, the scene before he murders Duncan, his thoughts after the murder, and his encounters with his friends ghost show that Macbeth truly is a man of conscience.After his wife encourages Macbeth to kill King Duncan when he visits their home, Macbeth truly considers the idea. Shakespeare allows his character to mull over the act and consequences in a soliloquy which, not only weighs the possible bad practical consequences of his act but shows him perfectly aware, in a way an evil man would not be, of moral values involvedFirst I am his kinsman and subjectStrong as both against the deed, then as his host,Who should against his murderers shut the doorNot bear the knife myself (Scott 156)Macbeth is fully aware of the crime he commits. Before comm...

Facts Surrounding the Film Gone with the Wind :: essays research papers

kaput(p) with the Wind Directed by Victor FlemingVictor Flemings production, Gone with the Wind, made an impact on the large amount of people woefulness from the depression because of his talent, the storyline of the film, and the get away place it served as.Victor Fleming, the director behind multiple motion pictures, was a very talented man. Before his career in the celluloid business, he lived an interesting lifestyle. Flemings days before being famous are reported in multiple reference books and online documentations such as the Victor Fleming autobiography (written by the AEC One Stop Group Incorporated ). He was born in Pasadena, California, on the twenty second of January in 1889. Fleming was a racecar driver and drive around in his earlier days. Most people believed his career would be centered on automobiles, but they were most defiantly wrong. Later he got a subcontract as a stunt man, the stunts were mainly car related stunts, which was easy for him because he was aro und mechanics a circulate. This got him started on the art of filmmaking. He longed to be behind the camera just like all the other directors, and he was going to work hard to get it. He soon got jobs, a lot with Douglas Fairbanks, as a cameraman at first. Later, directing became his passion and all movie lovers soon knew his name. As a man in film, Fleming was terrifically employ and successful. His job as a stunt man was started in 1910, and by 1929 he released his major first film, the Virginian. The black and white western is about two cowboys and former friends fighting over the affection of a young woman. He later went on to create the two movies that raised him to the peek of his career, the Wizard of OZ and Gone with the Wind. Being the nice man he was, the Yahoo search engine records show he remained friends with some of the actors and actresses he worked with until his death on the sixth of January 1949. The lucre Movie Database, in a Victor Fleming biography, states that among these were Gary Cooper, Richard Huston, Vivien Leigh, Leslie Howard, and Clark Gable. Gone with the Wind is a breathtaking film that is still enjoyed today as much as it was in 1939. The film has a captivating storyline that draws people in easily, it is hard to stop watching it.

Lord of the Flies :: English Literature

Lord of the Flies - review.The book Lord of the Flies is about a plane full of boys crashing on a abandon island. On the island the boys try to build a civilizedcolony but soon fail. Within the novel, objects that the boys find ormake, turn into symbols. William Golding uses symbols in the beginningof the book, the conch is a good example of this. The conch is apowerful symbol that develops as the book progresses. The author putsa lot of detail into this one symbol. The conch is a very greatsymbol that at the beginning of the book is invested with power and atthe end this power is destroyed.The conch during the beginning of the novel shows leadership, power,and order. During the beginning Ralph finds the conch and blows it toassemble all the survivors of the plane crash. At this time the authortells us a little about the conch.Yet most powerful, there was theconch. The being that had blown that ... was set apart(11). Right afterward the conch was discovered it is portrayed as being powerful andwhoever has it, is special, showing leadership. The boys pick Ralphbecause he has the conch, which proves its significance andleadership. Another example of its power is when Ralph speaks on pages31 and 32 saying people can only talk if they have the conch and thatthis person will not be interrupted. When the children obey this ruleabout the conch it tells how this conch has power, creates order andsymbolizes rules. It is heart-to-heart that the conch is invested with powerduring the beginning and that it is already an important symbol.The power from the conch develops further on in the middle book, andsoon holds a civilizing lunge over the boys, which can be interruptedas an important symbol for civilization. The power from the conch inthe beginning of the book is strong but further on the power degrades.Ralph proves that the conch has a force over the boys. Ralph had towave the conch once more (85). Ralph waves it to make silence toprove the power of the conch and ev eryone obeys this gesture. Howeverhe has to wave it again proving the power is degrading because atfirst he only had to wave the conch once. Just this alone shows theforce the conch has over the boys. When the boys obey the conch andwhen the conch is around, the boys act civilized and obey rules. Thisproves the conch can be interpreted as a symbol for civilization.

Lord of the Flies :: English Literature

Lord of the Flies - review.The book Lord of the Flies is about a sheet full of boys crashing on adeserted island. On the island the boys try to build a civilizedcolony but soon fail. Within the novel, objects that the boys find ormake, turn into symbols. William Golding uses symbols in the lineof the book, the conch is a good example of this. The conch is apowerful symbol that develops as the book progresses. The author putsa lot of detail into this one symbol. The conch is a actually importantsymbol that at the beginning of the book is invested with power and atthe end this power is destroyed.The conch during the beginning of the novel shows leadership, power,and collection. During the beginning Ralph finds the conch and blows it toassemble all the survivors of the plane crash. At this time the authortells us a little about the conch.Yet most powerful, there was theconch. The being that had blown that ... was set apart(11). safeafter the conch was discovered it is portrayed as being powerful andwhoever has it, is special, showing leadership. The boys pick Ralphbecause he has the conch, which proves its signifi sackce andleadership. Another example of its power is when Ralph speaks on pages31 and 32 saying people can only talk if they have the conch and thatthis person will not be interrupted. When the children obey this ruleabout the conch it tells how this conch has power, creates order andsymbolizes rules. It is clear that the conch is invested with powerduring the beginning and that it is already an important symbol.The power from the conch develops further on in the middle book, andsoon holds a civilizing force over the boys, which can be interruptedas an important symbol for civilization. The power from the conch inthe beginning of the book is strong but further on the power degrades.Ralph proves that the conch has a force over the boys. Ralph had towave the conch once more (85). Ralph waves it to make silence toprove the power of the conch and every one obeys this gesture. Howeverhe has to wave it again proving the power is corrupting because atfirst he only had to wave the conch once. Just this alone shows theforce the conch has over the boys. When the boys obey the conch andwhen the conch is around, the boys act civilized and obey rules. Thisproves the conch can be interpreted as a symbol for civilization.

Not My Business

The poem Not my business is about a person who tries to delay detached of the recurring violence caused by the military and does not care about others suffering as long as he is not affected. It is a dramatic monologue by the Nigerian Niyi Osundare who uses the cashier to convey his opinion that injustice should push people to immix and fight against together. It is supposed to reflect the Nigerian society but can be applied to any part of the world where people refuse to rise up against injustices.In this poem, the poet has used a bank clerk to convey his opinion towards the socio-political environment. The narrators tone in this poem is selfishly unconcerned about his friends and neighbors suffering and oppression as long as his flavour is unaffected, thus reflecting the title Not my business. Ironically, disrespect his belief that if he does not involve himself in these tragedies he impart not be affected, he himself is shoot downn away at the end of the poem. The poet c onveys his feelings towards the socio-political environment through Akannis arrest. They picked Akanni up one morning. In this opening sentence, the military are deliberately depersonalized through the bleak use of the word They, because a mysterious and potent force is much more ominous and menacing than a jazzn one. Furthermore the narrators emotionless and detached tone is obvious from the very start. He converses casually as if he is talking about something inconsequential such as the brave out which draws an angry response from the audience reflecting the poets own feelings.The poet presents the narrators beliefs as disgusting and repulsive in the refrain in an attempt to dissuade people from go worry him. The narrator does not care about other people so long as they dont take the yam from my savoring mouth? The yam symbolizes the narrators life and the fact that he doesnt care about other peoples suffering as long as he can enjoy his life. Also the word savor suggests th at the narrator is selfish and greedy. The poet does this to discourage people from becoming like the narrator, it is withal a call for them to unite and work together to end injustice and oppression.Niyi Osundare expresses his views on the socio-political situation through the dismissal of Chinwe. She went to work lonesome(prenominal) to find her job foregone, no query, no warning, no probe. The fact that people are unsafe even in their jobs cements the fear of them (the military) because their menacing manoeuvre extend to more than just violence. Anyone who opposes them or speaks out pull up stakes be punished. Also, the lack of procedure in dismissing an employee further highlights the oppressive nature of the military as they take peoples rights without even trying to justify themselves.This is underlined by the repetition of the word no three times. Furthermore, the fact that Chinwes job is gone further emphasizes the militarys cold and merciless nature as she will have no way of supporting herself again emphasizing that we should unite and fight against tyranny and oppression. The poet conveys his opinions on the socio-political situation through his description of the narrators end. The narrator sat down to eat yam, a knock on the door froze my hungry hand the jeep was waiting on my bewildered lawn, waiting, waiting in its usual silence.The ending is ironic as the narrator believed that as long as he stayed detached from everything his life would not get affected. However, this is not the case which is revealed by the description of the lawn as bewildered as an echo of his own surprised feelings that the military have come for him. Furthermore, the repetition of the word waiting is used deliberately to create tension and reminds us of the vulturine and beast-like jeep in the first stanza. The poem Nothings changed which is set in post-apartheid South Africa also shows how oppression and injustices can occur.It was written by Tatamkhulu Afrika as a n observation of how, despite Nelson Mandelas party overthrowing the racist apartheid party, the situation for black South Africans has not changed. The poet uses a narrator in a dramatic monologue to convey his gloominess which later turns to anger because of the oppression and injustice blacks are subjected to while whites live a lavish, luxurious life. It is also implied ominously that if change does not occur, violence will spread throughout the country. Tatamkhulu Afrika conveys his opinion towards the socio-political environment through his use of language in the first stanza. Hard stones click, weeds and trodden on all reveal his anger at how district 6 has become a hostile wasteland. It also shows his anger at the Apartheid government as they destroyed his home and roots. Furthermore, the use of alliteration and aggressive consonants like sss help to convey his fury towards the oppression and injustice that the black race is still suffering from.The poet further reveals hi s views on the socio-political environment through his revelation of the narrators bruise and longing for his home. District 6. The short sentence helps to emphasize the narrators longing and disappointment at how his home was destroyed. Also, the fact that the line is end stopped and isolated helps mirror the fact that District 6 itself was isolated from the rest of the city due to its harbouring many people of different races. The poet goes on to show his feelings towards the socio-political development through the narrators connection with the land. The repetition of the word my and his constant references to his body and organs help reveal the poets own feelings.The fact that the narrator uses the word my and keeps repeat it shows that he views the land as more than just a place to eat and sleep, he needs it to survive, it is part of his identity. In addition to this, the description of his eye as hot, white, emphasizes the intensity of his anger and gives the idea that he is a lmost going mad because of it. Furthermore, the image of his eyes turning inwards is quite grotesque and sorry which shows how terrible his anger is because it is ca using him pain and discomfort.Also, it also shows the transition from his disappointment into anger. Tatamkhulu Afrika conveys his views towards the socio-political environment through his description of the whites only inn. The people in that location are expound as squatters and the inn itself are new, up market, with incipient Port Jackson trees. The fact that the whites are described as squatters helps portray them as if they are on that point illegally and it also helps create the image that they are defouling the land with their racist actions.Also, the fact that Port Jackson trees, found on the other side of the seacoast of South Africa, are shipped all the way to this white inn emphasizes the luxury and lavishness that the whites live in contrasting the poor state of District 6 and working mens cafe. The po et reveals his feelings towards the socio-political environment through the narrators tone about the whites only inn. He says No sign says it is but we know where we belong. The first verse echoes District 6 of the second stanza no board says it is which emphasizes the fact that aught really has changed about the black peoples situation.In addition to this, the narrator is being cynical and ironic about how he knows it is a whites only inn and he will not enter. He bitterly pretends that he will follow the rules and not enter the inn which informs the reader about his resentful and angry attitude towards the situation. The poet also shows his views towards the socio-political development through his description of black alimentation areas. Down the road, bunny chows. Take it with you eat, wipe your fingers on your jeans its in the bone. The narrator is now presentation the guards implied meaning that blacks should eat from the working mans cafe and not from this luxurious inn.It further emphasizes that despite the change in the government, there is still oppression and injustice on the blacks behalf reflecting the title Nothings changed. Furthermore, wipe your fingers on your jeans, its in the bone. shows that the whites do not think the blacks are as civilized as they are which is shown as the guard tells the narrator to wipe his fingers on his jeans instead of washing or using a tissue. Tatamkhulu Afrika expresses his views on the socio-political environment in the final stanza through the description of the narrators feelings. I back away from the glass, boy again, hands singe for a stone, a bomb, to shiver down the glass. The narrator describes his hands as burning for a bomb to destroy the inn which shows how intense his anger is and how it is push him to violence. Also, the narrator describes himself as a boy again as if the situation is exactly the same as when he was a child which further emphasises that nothing has changed for the black situatio n. To conclude, Niyi Osundare conveys his opinions on the socio-political situation through his descriptions of Akannis arrest, Chinwes dismissal, the narrators arrest and his portrayal of the narrator.I believe that Niyi Osundare is completely correct in his opinion that people should unite to end injustice and oppression. I think this because if everyone thought only about themselves then they would be easy to capture and control. However, a large group of people are harder to stop and are stronger as a group than as divided entities. Also, to conclude Nothings changed, Tatamkhulu Afrika conveys his views on the socio-political environment through his description of how District 6 became a wasteland, the luxury whites live in and the contrast between white eating areas and black eating areas.The poet wrote the poem to emphasise that if change does not come soon, violence will spread throughout the country. I disagree with the poets opinion that violence should be used to bring abo ut changes. I can empathize with the writer because my own country, Algeria, went through a political election where one party win but it was not accepted so violence tore the country apart. Therefore, I know personally that violence will not solve the caper but will only escalate it and cause the death and suffering of thousands of people.

The Concept of Economy

on that point endure been diverse views from various scholars on the meaning of economy. Of this various definitions includes Economy is a term derived from the Greek word OIKONOMOS which spellner One who manages a home. Even though the term Economy is derived from the Greek word, history has shown that the Babylonians and their neighbouring towns were the first to develop any form of economicals as it regards laws and rules.According to Wikipedia (2018) The contemporary concept of the economy wasnt popularly known until the American Great Depression in the 1930s. However, prior to this period, the concept of economy had passed through opposite phases some of which included Primary, secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary stage of the economy.What then is Economy?Economy as defined in Investing Answers (2018) Is the organised system of gracious activity involved in the turnout, consumption, exchange and the production of goods and services. It is an organised system where money is make through the production and distribution of goods and services. The Oxford Living Dictionaries (2018) excessively defined economy as the state of a country or region in terms of production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money.There argon diverse ways of measuring the economic activities of any nation. Some of these ways includeGross Domestic ProductsExchange rateStock MarketInterest RateUnemploymentCHINA AND ITS ECONOMYPopularly known as the Peoples Republic of mainland chinaware. chinaware was established on January 1, 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution that Qung dynasty era. The country is situated in East Asia and is referred to as the most populated country in the military man with an estimated flake of 1.404 billion people. In terms of land mass after Russia, mainland China is the second largest country in the realism. In the world in general, there is a popular conception that the Chinese people can be used for cheap labour. However, despite t his notion, the country is the largest emerging economy in the world and is more often than not engaged in manufacturing, industrial production, servicing and agriculture.As at 2017, China became the worlds largest economy through its purchasing by making $23.12 trillion in par to European Union and the United States of America at Second and Third position respectively.Despite being the largest economy in the world, China remains a very poor country with regards to standard of living. This low standard of living attracts people and businesses to the country. Most of Chinas economic growth is dependent on the exportation of machinery and equipment. away from machinery and equipment, former(a) components of Chinas economy includes real estate, infrastructure, ports, railways, pipelines, aluminium, copper, cement, steel, exchange, reserves etc.In recent time, China has witnessed a slowdown of its economy which resulted to a slower growth in its GDP. Most of the changes that affects economic growth centres on change that has labour, productivity and capital. In the case of China, the decline in its economic growth is attributed to the huge technological crack between China and other rich countries. Another that contributes to decline the economy is an increase in Countrys debt.CHINA AND THE WORLDS ECONOMYThere is the doubt that in comparison to the worlds economy, Chinas economy is a backbreaking force to reckon with whether or not it is the largest or second largest as measured by GDP. In 2007, from being the sixth economy as at 2002, China was declared the worlds largest economy with a total of $23.12 trillion as against the European Union and U.S respectively. This does not dispute the fact that when considering the per capital income of the average man in China, the countrys populace comprises off relatively poor people or that the gradual slowdown in the economy brings with it a lure of fear in the minds of their nations.According to Gutte Wallin Pederso n (2002) Chinas growth has primarily been driven by market oriented reforms and the opening of the Chinese economy to the rest of the world. Other components of Chinas economy include manufacturing and production of machineries at low costs, foreign direct investments, exportation, agriculture and importation of things consumed in the country.China has contributed immensely to the GDP growth of the world. It is quite central to the worlds economic growth. surrounded by 1980 to 2011, China recorded an annual growth of about 10%. A significant thing occurred when China decided to join the World Trade geological formation in 2001. This is because along with the accession came Chinas pledge to provide fair treatment to WTO members ensuring that their enterprises where given the same treatment as that of the Chinese and vice versa.Most of Chinas economic growth in the world centres on physical capital and human capital. Labour force in China gross rapidly. Countries all over the world regards Chinas labour force as cheap as such would rather birth them in their employ yet a large populous of the manpower has not been tapped. Apart from having a cheap workforce, cost of living in China is also cheap. This explains why countries now go to China to establish companies in other to access naked materials and lower their cost of manufacturing and production.For a country like the USA, China still remains the highest manufacturer of toys. China also exports manufacture products such as phones, electronics, clothing, furniture etc. Most countries depend on China for products they consume. Example African Countries.Despite being the highest exporter of consumer goods all over the world, China is the second largest importer in the world. The country because of its limited natural resources contributes largely to other countries GDP in terms of imports. Most commodities that China imports include crude oil, petroleum gas, iron ore, trace, copper, palm oil, asphalt etc. For instance, the countrys importation of integrated circuits accounted for about 44% of Malaysian exports for 2016.China is one of the major players in the arms market. anterior to now, China was one of the importers of conventional arms. However, in recent times, the reverse has become the case with the country being the 5th largest exporter of these arms as ranked in the world. According to China power (2008) Between 2008 and 2012, China exported $14.4 billion worth of conventional weapons across the globe.During this period, most percentage of arm supply make by China went to Asia and another fraction of Africa. Chinas neighbours and some parts of America have not been left out of the arm supply trend. For instance, between the said(prenominal) years, the country provided arms worth $1.86 billion to Bangladesh which is about 71.9% of Bangladesh arms acquisition during this period (China Power 2018).As pointed out by Alec Ash (20177) the basic areas which China intends to driv e the world economics growth and reforms area. Innovation-driven economy, tapping the potential of businesses both big and small.b. One belt, one road initiative, connecting trade markets across Eurasian land and sea.c. A rising middle class, growing in number spending power to drive consumption.d. Financial market liberation, speeding improvements in the Chinese market.e. State-Owned enterprises, opening biggest industries.f. abroad investment, leveraging Chinese capital to revitalize the global economy.g. China intends to be more involved in the worlds economy irrespective of being a major player already as the country is gradually becoming a consumption driven economy.Despite being a key player in the world economy, the world itself has witnessed a slowdown in the Chinese economy in recent times. This is because its service sector is suffering from the effects of its workforce population agedness and increase in wages to meet global standards. The use of technology has also dec lared some job roles obsolete.Justin Kuepper (2017) opines that many economists believe the country would have to migrate from manufacturing to services as a primary driver of GDP, just as other developed countries like the United States and those in Europe have done in the past. There is no doubt that their slowdown willing affect economies globally. It may have a deflationary effect on most economies.For instance, countries that exports goods to China will experience a decline in demand for the goods by China. What this implies is that the decline in demand for goods/services will lead to a drop in their price thus reducing the export GDP of these products. Example the demand for crude oil has reduced thus in the lead to a decline in price of crude oil.These days, China goes to the extent of rendering services in exchange for free crude oil. Chinas demand for these products will be slow. Other factors contributing to these slowdown include a rise in debt and gradual close of tec hnological gap between China and other countries thus reducing the demand for Chinese products and reducing its productivity growth.Irrespective of what the effects of this slowdown may imply there is a need for countries to yoke themselves for the challenges that lie ahead of them globally. Some of the way they can handle ways situation include, reduction of commodity exposure, diversification of investment hedge with puts on Chinese EIFs (Justin Kuepper 2017).IMPACT OF CHINA ECONOMY ON NIGERIAN ECONOMYRelating the impact of China economy to Nigeria, it will not be misleading to say that her impact on the Nigerian economy is quite enormous. It will not be undermining to say that Nigeria is one country thats hugely dependent on China. Most products used in Nigeria are tagged with Made in China labels that ranges from toys, to plastics, household items, machineries, electronics, clothing etc. Nigeria is also dependent on China for some raw materials.Nigerians also discuss with the Chinese for customized products only for the Nigerian market.In recent times, the Nigerian economy has experienced an advancement in industrialization. This advancement has encourage the production of locally made products and reduced the countrys dependence on goods from other countries in terms of economic boost, the countrys bilateral ties with other countries of which China is inclusive has also brought about an increase in foreign investment.Nigeria continually comes up with policies that do not only aim at strengthening its bilateral ties but are also targeted at ensuring it is assailable to a wide range of options as regards to the quantity and quality of goods consumed by its citizens in process bring about a reduction in the need level. Some of this policies includes Structural Adjustment package, Trade liberation Policy.The question to be asked is Do these policies really help in giving the country trade receipts in the long run? The major factor contradictory to Nigeri a/China bilateral ties is labour force. The Nigerian policies as enticing as they may come along may only suffice for the countrys immediate needs. There is little or no transfer of technological knowledge due to language and cultural constraints, Nigerian institutions are not accountable, transparent or credible in their dealings.Despite the above limiting factor on the part of Nigeria, China have been having currency swap dealings with different countries of which Nigeria is partisan.As stated by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Governor, Mr Godwin Emefiele, the currency swap agreement is targeted at helping both countries acquire the followinga. Provision of adequate liquidity of local currency for industrialists in both countries,b. Aid manufacturers businesses in China/Nigeria to access funds to import raw materials from both countries,c. Nigerian businesses who impart from China will be protected from the frequent fluctuations and effects of third party currency.d. It will help people in West Africa have access to Chinas local currency as Nigeria will be the trade hub in the region for this purpose.Since the availability of natural resources is limited in China, the aforementioned economic giants depends on Nigeria for Agricultural produce and crude oil. The importation of these goods from Nigeria helps increase its exportation quota in terms of GDP although in recent times, China would rather offer free services to Nigeria in exchange for free crude oil.

Basic Considerations

Halls evaluation criteria is being applied to gather knowledge of the theoretical adequacy regarding Becks Theory of Postpartum Depression. The research article From lend oneself to Midrange Theory and Back Again chronicles this substantive midrange nursing theory of Cheryl Attain Beck (Lassie & Ferguson, 2005). As referenced by the authors, the study imaginations of Becks theory are clearly determine as loss of control, encountering terror, dying of self, struggling to survive, and regaining control (Lassie & Ferguson, 2005).Beck first determined the core concept or basic psychological Issue of postnatal mood disorder as loss of control (Beck, 1993). Women suffering from this disorder lack control over their emotions, thought care fores, and actions which Beck referred to as walking a bonny line between sanity and Insanity (Beck, 1993). The remaining four concepts or stages emerged from the data analysis, of Becks grounded theory study, as the participants attempted to cope w ith the Issue concerning the core concept loss of control (Beck, 1993).In regards o the concept of dying of self, Beck illustrated a partial audit trail for the construct of this concept from the data (Lassie & Ferguson, 2005). Furthermore, Beck precisely explained the major concepts and back up them with direct quotes from the participants of the study (Lassie & Ferguson, 2005). These major concepts are moderately abstract since the phenomena of postpartum depression is measured indirectly rather than through observed evidence. For each major concept, three levels of coding were identified (Beck, 1993).The linear design of the diagram is structured so that the concepts serve as headings which explicate the progression and relationship toward the psychological process used to resolve the fundamental issue of postpartum depression (Beck, 1993). Internal analysis and evaluation.

Plans After Graduating Essay

My primary purpose of applying for the distance learning program is to hike up my studies by undertaking a Masters degree course which is in line with my Bachelors degree. As a graduate of sociology I am aware that my expertise is in line with studying society in general and also studying specific aspects of our society. However since this is only a Bachelors degree it is imperative for me to pursue further studies and I feel that a more focused degree like MPM can win me the more as it has more theories in a specific strata of society. My secondary goal is to assure me of a long-term career in education as I am currently a college instructor in STI College Santa Rosa. It is a prequisite for any budding educator to always pile up on hotshots credentials to attain not just the knowledge scarce also an assurance of better opportunities both(prenominal) in the academic world but also in government agencies as well.Upon completion of said degree I see myself continuing in the academ e and also go into query on government policies and possible ways of improving the countrys state in terms of governance. My background in sociological studies is a shaft of light that can help me be effective in research and MPM will enhance my skills and my knowledge in terms of public management. I also be after to take up my PHD inside the next 5 years depending on how long it would take to finish up my masters degree. I am also looking forward for a possible opportunity to work for my alma mater if not Open University perhaps UPLB either a researcher or a professor.It is also my goal that through the program that I am applying for I could impact the lives of my students by sharing with them what I have learned both from the program and also from whatever research materials are already available. If I would be able to do this, the impact will be tremendous both intellectually and also in the lives of my students. From their ranks are future leaders of this country or perhaps citizens that would help improve the lives of their countrymen their different contributions.

Sodium Thiosulfate Reaction

eLearning 2009 Publication none 91860 Rate of Reaction of Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid Rate Laws Introduction The purpose of this demonstration is to check up on the effect of sodium thiosulfate c erstntration on the rate of reception of sodium thiosulfate with hydrochloric acid. The answer, which turns solid sulfur, go out be followed by measuring the time needed for the chemical reaction mixture to become opaque. The results will be analyzed graphically to determine the order of reaction the mathematical relationship between the reactant dumbness and the rate.Concepts Kinetics fiat of reaction Rate law Concentration Materials Hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, 2 M, 25 mL Sodium thiosulfate solution, Na2S2O3, 0. 15 M, 150 mL Distilled or deionized water Beakers, 100-mL, 5 Graduated cylinders, 50- or 100-mL, 2 Graduated cylinders, 10-mL, 5 Overhead projector or light box Permanent marker Stirring rods Stopwatch or horologe Safety Precautions Hydrochloric acid solution is corrosive to eyeball and skin. It is moderately toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Sodium thiosulfate solution is a body tissue irritant.The reaction of sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid generates sulfur dioxide gas, which is a skin and eye irritant. Perform this demonstration in a well-ventilated science laboratory only. Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes and skin. Wear chemical splash goggles, temperature-resistant gloves, and chemical-resistant apron. Please review current Material Safety Data Sheets for additional safety, handling, and disposal information. Procedure 1. Label five 100-mL beakers 15 and clean the bottom of each beaker. 2. Draw a large X across the bottom on the outside of each beaker.Place the beakers on an viewgraph projector stage or a light box so that students can view the X. 3. Using separate graduated cylinders for the solution and water, measure and add the unavoidable amounts of 0. 15 M sodium thiosulfate and distilled water to each beaker. Be as precise as possible. Beaker 0. 15 M Na2S2O3 Distilled Water 1 50. 0 mL 0 mL 2 40. 0 mL 10. 0 mL 3 30. 0 mL 20. 0 mL 4 20. 0 mL 30. 0 mL 5 10. 0 mL 40. 0 mL 4. Have students calculate the final denseness of sodium thiosulfate in each beaker 15. 91860 011509 Flinn ScientificTeaching Chemistry eLearning Video Series 5.Record the following information in a data table Beaker, volume of Na2S2O3 solution, volume of distilled water, concentration of Na2S2O3, reaction time (sec), and 1/reaction time (reaction rate). See the Sample Data and Results table in the Discussion section. 6. Measure 5. 0 mL of 2 M hydrochloric acid into each of five 10-mL graduated cylinders. 7. Starting with beaker 1, c arfully add the HCl all in one pour to the sodium thiosulfate solution. Stir the solution once with a stirring rod and immediately start timing. 8. Stop timing when the black X is no longer visible. Record the reaction time in seconds in the data table. . Repeat steps 7 and 8 w ith beakers 25. 10. Calculate 1/reaction time for each trial. Plot concentration vs. time and concentration vs. 1/time on separate graphs. judicature Please consult your current Flinn Scientific Catalog/Reference Manual for general guidelines and precise procedures governing the disposal of laboratory waste. Collect the leftover reaction mixtures and filter to separate the solid sulfur product. The sulfur may be disposed of in a landfill according to Flinn Suggested Disposal Method 26a. The filtrate may be neutralized and disposed of down the drain with excess water according toFlinn Suggested Disposal Method 26b. Tips This activity may be performed as a chemical demonstration with classroom participation or as a student activity. The contents of the beakers project well on an overhead projector and the time to the disappearance of the black X is easily seen and measured. The reaction may be downsized for a student lab activity. Carry out individual trials in separate wells in a 6-well reaction plate or in small medicine cups. If students will be doing the experiment in the lab, it is a good idea for them to start with beaker 5, because it takes the longest time. The activity may also be performed as a accommodative class exercise with different groups investigating different variables, including the effect of HCl concentration and the effect of temperature. The reaction rate is zero-order with respect to HCl. Empty the beakers and clean them thoroughly utilise paper towels to remove the sulfur. If the colloidal sulfur is allowed to sit in the beakers for an extended time, it will be much more difficult to remove the deposits from the glass. To achieve wagerer mixing of the reactants, add the hydrochloric acid using a 10-mL luer-lock plastic syringe (without needle).Squirt the acid using a fair amount of force. When lower concentrations of sodium thiosulfate are used, the rate law does not appear to be as simple as predicted in this experiment. At lower concentrations, the reaction appears to be closer to 3/2-order in sodium thiosulfate and 1/2-order in hydrochloric acid. The reaction time is more difficult to measure at lower concentrations because the onset of turbidity is more gradual. both the overall chemical equation and the mechanism for the decomposition of sodium thiosulfate are more complex than suggested by Equation 1.The reaction is acid-catalyzed, which means that the acid concentration must have some bearing on the rate in terms of producing an equilibrium concentration of HS2O3 ions, The HS2O3 ion is a reactive intermediate, reacting further with additional S2O32 ions to produce polymeric ions containing multiple S atoms. When the chain of S atoms in a polymeric ion becomes long enough, it closes in on itself to form a ring of master(a) sulfur (S8). S2O32 + H+ HS2O3 HSSO3 + nS2O32 HS(S)nSO3 + nSO32 HSSnSO3 H+ + SSnSO3 SS7SO3 S8 + SO32 2 2009 Flinn Scientific, Inc. altogether Rights Reserve d. 91860 Discussion Sodium thiosulfate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sulfur and sulfur dioxide (Equation 1). Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + 2NaCl(aq) Equation 1 The kinetics of the reaction can be analyzed by graphing the concentration of Na2S2O3 as a function of both reaction time and 1/time. A plot of concentration versus time gives a curved line, which levels off as it approaches the x-axisthe reaction slows down as the reactant concentration decreases. The rate of a reaction is inversely proportional to reaction time.A plot of concentration of versus 1/time gives a straight line. The rate is directly proportional to concentration, and the reaction appears to be first order with respect to sodium thiosulfate concentration. Sample Data and Results Beaker 1 2 3 4 5 Volume of Na2S2O3 (mL) 50 40 30 20 10 Volume of H2O (mL) 0 10 20 30 40 Na2S2O3, M 0. 15 0. 12 0. 090 0. 060 0. 030 Reaction time (sec) 22. 5 27. 3 35. 1 60. 0 159. 1 Reaction rate (1/time, sec1) . 0444 . 0367 . 0285 . 0167 . 00629 180 clx 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0. 00 Effect of concentration on reaction time 0. 05 0. 10 0. 15 0. 20 Na 2 S2 O3 Concentration, M 0. 07 0. 6 0. 05 0. 04 0. 03 0. 02 0. 01 0 0. 00 Effect of concentration on reaction rate 0. 05 Na 2 S2 O3 Concentration, M 0. 10 0. 15 0. 20 3 2009 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 91860 Connecting to the National Standards This laboratory activity relates to the following National Science Education Standards (1996) Unifying Concepts and Processes Grades K12 Evidence, models, and write up Constancy, change, and measurement Content Standards Grades 912 Content Standard A Science as Inquiry Content Standard B Physical Science, organize and properties of matter, chemical reactions, motions and forcesFlinn ScientificTeaching Chemistry eLearning Video Series A video of the Rate of Reaction of Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid activity, presented by Annis Hapkiewicz, is available in Rate Laws, part of the Fli nn ScientificTeaching Chemistry eLearning Video Series. Materials for Rate of Reaction of Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid are available from Flinn Scientific, Inc. Materials required to perform this activity are available in the Reaction Order and Rate LawsStudent Laboratory Kit available from Flinn Scientific.Materials may also be purchased separately. Catalog No. Description AP4864 H0034 S0114 AP1572 GP1010 GP2005 GP2015 Reaction Order and Rate LawsStudent Laboratory Kit Hydrochloric Acid, 3 M, 500 mL Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate, Reagent, 500 g Timer, Stopwatch, Flinn Beaker, Borosilicate Glass, 100 mL Graduated Cylinder, Borosilicate Glass, 10-mL Graduated Cylinder, Borosilicate Glass, 50-mL Consult your Flinn Scientific Catalog/Reference Manual for current prices. 4 2009 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 91860

Era of Good Feelings Essay

The Era of Good Feelings was the title of the layover after the war of 1812 between the years of 1815 and 1825. The accuracy of this label however, is not accurate. During this period the United States of America were in a period of economic problems, political turbulence, and a mixture of rapid expansion and cleavage.It is hard to believe that this time period was one of Good Feelings with an economy that kept many people very poor while only a few were able to profit much. In document A, John Randolph addresses congress in 1816. He states that it is unjust, to aggravate the burdens of the people for the purpose of favoring the manufacturers. He is referring to the inequality between the manufacturers or factory owners and the agriculturalists or farmers. more taxes during this era were placed on the agricultural industry. This taxation left many farmers in the middle and southern colonies struggling. The level of poorness rose for them while in the urban areas factories and co rporations that ran them were running in the ring of pleasure and could fatten upon them.In Document B, John Calhoun says, the extent of the republic exposes us to the greatest of calamities disunitywe are promptly growing this is our weakness and our strengthlet us, then, bind the republic together with a perfect system of roads This suggests the size and distance of our growing nation was going to be another source of disunity. Because of the distance and lack of roads and other means of transportation, communication and trade between regions lessened and they became more distant. Trade was such an primary(prenominal) factor in the economy and binding the nation. The reason that this disunity and sectionalism is such a calamity is that the last thing that the United States wanted or could base to see was rebellion and a break in the Union. Because the agriculturalist label encompassed such a large part of the American population, the inaccuracy of the title of this Era becomes evident.Politics, creation a very important topic in this time period, was caught in turmoil and became divided. In 1819, the Supreme Court perceive the case between McCulloch and the state of free state over the right to create a bank. In Document D, John Marshall rules that states have true sovereignty and that the general government is subordinate to that of the states. Thisdivision creates disunity and breeds sectionalism among states and regions. The disunity created threatened the nation later on and could be blamed for inciting rebellion. In Document G, Anna Hayes Johnson writes to her cousin in North Carolina about the convictions and executions of a number of leaders in her area. In all probability the execution will not end under 100, but I was told yesterday that the prisoners had been heard to say that even out should there be 500 executed there would be still enough to carry the work into execution. It does not specify for what they are convicted exactly but I would not consider civil unrest where hundreds of people are being executed to be a defining distinction of an Era of Good Feeling.Earlier the division and expansion within the nation was mentioned it is a very important factor in this time period. It influences the accuracy of being able to title this era as one of Good Feelings. In Document 1, it is clear that during the years of 1815-1825, the pattern of presidential election outcomes went from an effectively self-colored turnout for James Monroe to a fairly divided one in 1824. In 1824 the New England states were won by John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson won many of middle and southern states.We can infer from this that sectionalism was forming in different regions of the country, especially between the north and south. In the expansion of the United States westward many people were encouraged or thought to move into these areas for more land, mainly to farm. From Document E, it is clear that the majority of the population was locate d in the northwest in and around the major cities. This is another division that promoted sectionalism. This expansion would have only strengthened the economy but the disconnection between the city-dwellers in the north and the farmers and orchard owners of the south created further disunity.The Era of Good Feelings was a period of great stress on United States. The economy began separating into distinct groups, one which under congressional tax sanctions grew richer, and the other poorer. Parties and regions began to identify themselves separately and a schism was formed in the union. The dangerous, rapid expansion of the United States also fueled the sectionalist separation which foreshadowed an even larger calamity of rebellion and war. Overall, the time period between 1815 and 1825 could not have been justly oraccurately named The Era of Good Feelings.

Amul Case Study

Amul-GCMMF The bask of India to Taste of World Project Case International Business SECTION D GROUP Ashutosh Singh Khushwaha (GL) 269 Sachin Maan 175 Frana James 219 Paran Gupta 240 Parth Shah 249 Pratik Upadhyay Amul The Taste of India to The Taste of World With a heading in over 40 countries in 2012, Amul has done more than testing its products in the overseas marketplaces. Since its venture into the International markets in late 80s, it has steadily gr protest in sales and today it has more than Rs. 00 crores revenues from exportations. Though the world dairy farm product prices ar increasing constantly and the governance of India has banned the export of Milk Powder since February 2011, Mr. R. S. Sodhi, the Managing Director of GCMMF expects exports to increase by 20% on the back of surging demand. Mr. Sodhi, along with the top management of the accommodative without delay faces some(prenominal) questions which will define Amuls International strategy for the com ing years.With the increasing demand and successful venture in overseas markets, should Amul prune to export and distri howeverion or partner with/acquire otherwise firms in these countries or should it go further towards becoming a global brand by setting up manufacturing and treat plants across the globe? If so, what products should it manufacture and what should be the degree of localization in order to succeed? Should it stick to dairy products or should it look towards the non-dairy food products as well? How will it source take out and other raw materials in these countries with diverse forms of established dairy networks?These are pregnant findings that need to be made because they will help Amul realize the goal of becoming worlds leading food brand. Major food brands much(prenominal) as Britannia and draw close are already eating into Amuls domestic share. The top management has to decide a strategy that will help Amul fence against world class dairy and food bra nds in Indian market and in the overseas markets. Profile Amul is the worlds 18th largest dairy firm with a 0. 5% share in global take out fruit, according to the International Farm Comparison Network 2011 list.The brand Amul is managed by Gujarat Cooperative Milk food marketing Federation, GCMMF which has some(prenominal) cooperative dairies operating across the country. During the financial year 2010-11, GCMMF registered a top line ontogeny of 22. 1%, achieving turnover of Rs 9774 crore. Amul is the largest food brand in India and worlds largest pouch milk brand with an annual turnover ofUS$2. 2billion(2010-11). Currently Unions making up GCMMF defend 3. 1 million producer members with milk collection average of 9. 10 million liters per day.AMUL is also the largest exporter of dairy products in the country. AMUL is avail up to(p) today in over 40 countries of the world. AMUL is exporting a twain-inclusive variety of products which include Whole and Skimmed Milk Powder, Co ttage Cheese (Paneer), UHT Milk, Clarified Butter (Ghee), Indigenous Sweets, Amul butter, Amul butter milk, Amul pizza pie stopflower, Amul shrikhand, Amulya dairy whitener, Amul bright cream, Amul avoirdupois weight milk, Amul cheese spread, Sagar Tea and Coffee whitener, Amul ice creams equivalent cassata , cool candy and frostik, Amul milk chocolate and Amul Eclairs.It has also started preparing and selling pizza slices which feature generous portions of Amul cheese. These pizza slices reach the customers by super markets and large departmental stores that have snack counters. It has tied up with Walmart to sell its dairy products, in its shelves, under the brand let out of Amul itself. It also has tie-ups with Glaxo, for the production of baby foods. The major overseas markets for Amul are USA, West Indies, and countries in Africa, the Gulf Region, andSAARCneighbors, Singapore, Hong Kong, The Philippines, Thailand, Japan and China.Its growth is more than 20% in these ma rkets. Market presence has also gone up by 25 to 30 per cent in some markets such(prenominal) as Singapore, Hong Kong, UAE, the US and Bangladesh. orbiculate dairy assiduity at a Glance The growth story of the dairy industry in India is centered on the inception of Operation Flood of the 1970s, recognizing the federal agency of cooperative farming giving rise to the GCMMF and the engine behind the whole revolution was the brand Amul (Anand Milk Union Limited). This model helped the dairy farmers to direct their own resurrectment by placing control of their resources in their own hands.This cooperative model resulted in making India one of the largest producers of milk and milk products. In term of the growth of the dairy market projected over the years 2011-2016, India ranks fourth, behind the other BRIC nations, i. e. Brazil, China and Russia. Exhibit 1 The scenario of the important dairy industries in other countries was non on the analogous lines. To think of the expansion plan in terms of geographic location as well as the strategy that Amul would employ would be dependent on the past and the current nature of the industry in those countries.Dairy assiduity in European Union The European Union, inclusive of 27 countries, is the largest milk producer in the world with Germany and France being the largest within the EU. However, within the EU, dairy production is not uniform due to various government regulations and production quotas in some countries. In Germany, the drinking milk product category is still driven by health and wellness. The drinking milk product category which saw a spill in 2010 by 1% observed a growth in the value sales by the same amount in 2011.In the Eastern European dairy market, Lactalis, becoming the fourth largest player in the region in 2008 with a 3. 3 % value share targeting countries like Croatia, Ukaraine and Czech Republic. Lactalis followed the expansion finished acquisition strategy and it is finished these inte nse acquisition activities that Lactalis planned its move into the Western European countries where it had to make much heavier investments. The Western European dairy market is quite mature as the expected CAGR for these countries is only about 0. % over the span of five years from 2011-16. This market is different from the other markets since they are not driven by milk consumption but the key driving opportunities lie in milk products like cheese, yoghurt and sour milk drinks and thereof making these markets more value growth rather than volume growth. Muller Dairy, already competing in the yoghurt and chilled/shelf-stable desserts market in UK is seeking to expand into other fast- evolution dairy categories using its existing distribution network and leveraging on the brand amongst the British consumers. Exhibit 2 To gain market share in this mature market, some companies like Kraft Foods used unique marketing strategy of positioning its Philadelphia Cream Cheese both as a spre adable cheese and as a cooking ingredient. This move reignited the growth in the otherwise mature spreadable processed cheese category. Dairy Industry in Japan In the year 2004, with 28800 domestic dairy farms, 8. 3 million tons of cows milk used to be produced. 60% of this was processed into milk for drinking purposes and the rest was used for consumption as dairy products.The Japanese believed that processing plants must be located close to the source of production since milk, being a perishable good, must be processed and sell when fresh. In 2004, there were 692 processing facilities throughout Japan. Expecting a growth in the consumption of milk products, maintaining a stable supply of safe, fresh milk was viewed as a challenge since it was important to Japanese consumers. To answer this demand for fresher products, a solution was to develop stronger cooperation between dairy producers and processors.However, by 2005, Japans aging population had essentially stabilized and the na tion was being termed as a mature prudence. As a result of this, the total milk production remained unchanged approximately at 8. 4 million tons. Amul failed to enter the market once in 1994 but succeeded in 2005 when it grabbed a major exports order. GCMMF managing director B M Vyas then said , We have had a distributor in Japan since 1994 but no major presence in that country.But a few days ago a delegation from Japan, under the aegis of Agriculture and Livestock Industry Corp (ALIC), visited our facilities at Anand (Gujarat) and were pleasantly surprised with the sheer scale of our dairy operations. It exports Ghee and Paneer to the country currently with a single major importer. Dairy Industry in Australia Australias third largest rural industry is the dairy industry which is also a major regional employer, not only on-farm but also through processing, manufacturing and distribution of a range of high quality products.With about 7950 dairy farms located across Australia, the in dustry produced 9. 2 billion liters of milk during 2007-08. The Australian dairy manufacturing sector isdiverse and includes farmer-owned co-operatives, public, private and multinational companies. The Farmer owned co-operatives is no longer the dominant players in the industry as they now account for slight than 35% of the entire market share. In 2011, the Australian Dairy market faced another challenge of being considered to be one of the most free-enterprise(a) in terms of retailing the milk products in supermarkets.In January 2011, Coles and Woolworths, two supermarket companies, entered into a price war during which the prices of house brand staples like milk, bread and meat were pushed down. This kink continued for the entire year and as a result the Dairy lobby groups demanded for a mandatory Australian Drinking Milk Code of action to look into such matters. Despite the aggressive marketing efforts, fresh/pasteurized milk registered a growth of only 3%.However, niche prod ucts in fresh milk category have either retained or have shown significant growth. Around 60% of manufactured milk-products are exported and the remaining 40% is sold on the Australian market. In drinking milk, some 97% is consumed in the domestic market. Cheese products, utilizing around one third of Australias milk production in 2010-11, have retained that spot for a few years now. Dairy Industry in Sri Lanka As a country, Sri Lanka is self-sufficient in terms of all types of animal products except milk products.Their self-sufficiency in dairy products is about 1520% though that level has been achieved mostly with imported milk powder. Sri Lankan government adopted the open economic policies in the 1970s and since then the consumption of the daily products has increased. Apart from the Northern conflict regions of the country, milk is produced in all the districts. The marketing of milk in Sri Lanka is done through various channels and so becomes very complex. There are individual farmers who sell directly to processors, consumers, hotels, cafeterias and canteens * Cooperatives are organized primarily for the purpose of collecting and selling milk to either hotels or processors * The formal, or processed dairy, market consists of small dairy cooperatives, larger local cooperatives, district dairy cooperatives, dairy cooperative unions and networks of collection points and milk chilling centers operated by cooperatives or the main dairy processors Apart from the above mentioned ways, some farmers do not see the need to become members of the farmer societies or cooperatives.There are a few large-scale processors who have organized such farmers to sell their milk directly to them. Amul set up a milk processing plant in Sri Lanka in 2005 producing several products such as sterilized milk, milk powder, yoghurt,etc. It was a 51-49 Joint venture between the GCMMF and the Sri-Lankan government. It handed over the operations completely to the Sri-Lankan government af ter an year of successful running. Before planning the project, Mr. Verghese Kurien, often called the Milkman of India said, We are located right in the middle of this milk-deficient region.So, we are planning to take advantage of this. Even China is a potential market in the coming(prenominal). International Ventures GCMMF is Indias largest exporter of Dairy Products. It has been accorded a Trading House status. GCMMF has received the APEDA Award from Government of India for Excellence in Dairy Product Exports for the last 13 years. The decision of going International Reasons that lead to the foray of Amul into International Markets * Reduced subsidies on milk products as per WTO guidelines made Indian milk products competitive in internationalist markets. Significant demand for its products amongst Indian families in external markets * Local facility would enable better control over logistics and cut 45 days of conveyance time * Tie up with retail twines like Wal-Mart, use es tablished distribution channel * Non-availability of single products like ghee in other markets presented a good opportunity * Long term vision to become a global food brand The problems and issues faced are * Non-tariff barriers in European countries * rival with global players Absence of proper distribution channel Export Main exports products are Amul UHT Milk (Long Life) ,Amul Gold Extra Cream Milk,Amul Taaza Full Cream Milk,Amul turn and Trim Milk,Amul clarified Ghee,Amul Mithaee Gulabjamun,Nutramul Brown Beverage,Amul Fresh Cream,Amul Kool Beverages,Flavoured Milk,Butter Milk,Lassee,Amulspray,Amul Butter,Amul Shrikhand,Amul Cheese,Amul Malai Paneer,Amul Ice Cream,etc. Despite unfavorable conditions in international dairy market, their export business reached Rs. 133 crores against Rs. 125 crore in 2011.They have further consolidated their growth in consumer products including Paneer, Butter, Cheese, UHT Milk etc. This is extremely encouraging and indicates the high trust th at the customers place in Amul Brand. They have not been able to export Milk Powder in bulk packing in larger quantity due to fall of world market prices by most 50% as compared to previous year. Distribution Amuls strategy when it first entered international markets was to use the existing distributors and partner with local companies to market its products.Amul has been in the US since 1998 through Kanan Dairy, which markets Amul processed cheese, pureghee, Shrikhand, Nutramul, AmulsMithaee Gulab Jamunsto more than 1,000 social Indian grocery stores in the US through a network of seven distributors. Then Amul determine major supermarket and chain stores as the vehicles overseas to promote Amul dairy products ranging from milk powder, butter, ghee, cheese, butter, ice creams and tinned Indian sweets. As growth through bulk exports was variable, GCMMF opted for carry on growth through retail sales that ensure brand recall and customer loyalty.It still did not decide on setting u p manufacturing and processing plants as it was quiet successful with its marketing and distribution plan for overseas markets. Then Amul identified major supermarket and chain stores as the vehicles overseas to promote Amul Amul sells products through Wal-Marts extensive distribution system, having a separate counter for stocking and selling their products. It also has an arrangement with Mustafa supermarket chain in Singapore, Lanka Milk Foods (CWE) Ltd and John Keels chain in Sri Lanka, as also Choithram, Carrefour and Lulu chains in the UAE. MarketingIn India Amul caters to Intelligent marketing. It spends only 1% of Sales turnover on announce and it is famous to come up with modern adds. Will it be able to sustain the same strategy in international markets is a very important decision from the marketing point of view for GCMMF. Amul will have to customize its products and look outside the ethnic box to caseful the American and other ethnic palates. It simply cannot use its h ome-ground strategies in the US and expect to make a mark, even if Wal-Mart plans to push the brand only in stores and only in states like New York and New Jersey, where the Indian community is very strong.Competition While Amul has substantial grip over the Indian market due to its robust supply chain and cooperative business model the international arena challenges it like never before. In the overseas markets it faces unfluctuatinger competition in matching the stringent quality standards of several local and international brands that have well established markets in different countries in addition to fundamentally understanding these new markets, cultures and their needs. As a brand, Amul faces stiff competition from two major players Britannia and Nestle.Both these brands have international presence and each seeks to expand its business horizons. Apart from these international brands, it also has to compete with local dairies in different countries that sell products at very c ompetitive prices. Nestle Nestle isone of the worlds leading nutrition, health and wellness company. Thecompanywas founded in1866 by Henri Nestle in Vevey, Switzerland, where the headquarters are still located today. It employs around 2,80,000 people and have factories or operations in almost every country in the world. Nestle sales for 2009 were CHF 108 bn.Nestles relationship with India dates back to 1912, when it began trading as The Nestle Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk come with (Export) Limited, importing and selling finished products in the Indian market. The Company continuously focuses its efforts to better understand the changing lifestyles of various countries and anticipate consumer needs. The culture of innovation and renovation within the Company and access to the Nestle Groups proprietary applied science gives it a distinct advantage in these efforts. It helps the Company to create value that can be sustained over long term by go consumers a wide variety of high qualit y products.A description of the competitive advantages growth drivers and operational pillars is given in Exhibit 1. Nestle is in a strategic international position because of its presence in many countries and long tradition of innovation. An analysis of sales trading and operating profit by both geography and product line is given in Exhibit 4 and Exhibit 5. Britannia It is not globally as big as Nestle but it is expanding at a threatening pace and this can be a major concern for Amul. This fact is validated by the following statistics. The company is growing at a steady rate.The companys sales grew at a compound annual rate of 16% against the market, and operating profits reached 18%, between 1998 and 2001. more(prenominal) recently, the company has been growing at 27% a year, compared to the industrys growth rate of 20%. Dairy products contribute close to 10 per cent of Britannias revenue. Britannia trades and markets dairy products, and its dairy portfolio grew to 47% in 2000- 01 and by 30% in 2001-02. Britannia holds an equity stake inDynamix Dairyand outsources the bulk of its dairy products from its associate.On 27 October 2001, Britannia announced a critical point venture withFonterra Co-operative Groupof New Zealand. It is an integrated dairy company involved in many activities from procurement of milk to making value-added products such as cheese and buttermilk. Britannia planned to source most of the products from New Zealand, which they would market in India. The joint venture also allowed technology transfer to Britannia. In March 2007, Britannia Industries Limited organize a Joint Venture with the Khimji Ramdas Group, one of the largest and the most respected business conglomerates in the Middle East.Britannia and its Associates have acquired a significant stake in Dubai establish Strategic Food International Co. LLC and Oman based Al Sallan Food Industries Co SAOG. The two companies are key regional players in the biscuits, wafers and cookies segment in the GCC markets and export their products across the world. Strategic Food International Co. LLC (SFIC) is one of the largest biscuit and wafer manufacturing companies in the Middle East. An ISO and HACCP certified company, SFIC is also a proud winner of the Dubai Quality cargo area Certificate.It offers a wide spectrum of products under the brandNutro, which is a leading biscuit brand in the Middle East. Al Sallan Food Industries Co is one of the inaugural companies for the production of cookies, rolls and chocolates. The products are well known under the brand name ofBakers Pride. Though not directly in the dairy market, Britannia is constantly increasing its presence worldwide. Key statistics about the company performance are given in Exhibit 6. Future Plans Amul is now all set to consider the decision to setup a manufacturing plant in the United States to specifically cater to the demand for its products in the US and Europe.And then expand to other countries with similar plants so as to decrease its costs. The company intends to start with manufacturing of ghee and paneer and then gradually start manufacturing other products. Amul will have to customize its products and look outside the ethnic box to suit the American and other ethnic palates. It simply cannot use its home-ground strategies in the US and expect to make a mark, even if Wal-Mart plans to push the brand only in stores and only in states like New York and New Jersey, where the Indian community is very strong.Amul has come a long way from 1946 when it collected only 247 litres of milk a day to the six million liters of milk per day it now collects from about 10,675 separate village co-operative societies throughout Gujarat. With access to low cost milk, an advanced andalmost just-in-time supply chain, a ready market among the Indian community and 50 years of understanding milk, Amul can definitely build the taste of India in the US and other countries. Chairman Mr. PG Bhatol says, When we plan to improve productivity as well as production, we also need to keep in mind the markets where such huge quantity of milk will be consumed.We need to explore new opportunities and markets. India has graduated from milk deficit country to largest milk producer in world. However, our exports of milk and milk products still remain insignificant in comparison to the existing players. We have been following the policy of not exporting milk powders to foreign countries so that availability in our country does not get hampered. Opening of export markets would not only serve as outlet for excess of milk produced over the domestic requirements but also will keep the domestic prices stable. We strongly feel that branded milk powders in consumer packs should never be banned.Thus, now when we plan to produce such large quantity of milk, it is imperative to relook at our export policies. Amul has come a long way from 1946 when it collected only 247 litres of milk a day to th e six million liters of milk per day it now collects from about 10,675 separate village co-operative societies throughout Gujarat. With access to low cost milk, an innovative andalmost just-in-time supply chain, a ready market among the Indian community and 50 years of understanding milk, Amul can definitely build the taste of India in the US and other countries and then the Taste of the World.Exhibit 1 Top 10 Fastest Growing Dairy Markets 2011-2016 *Passport Tracking offshoot Opportunities In The Global Dairy Market Exhibit 2 Top Five Western European Dairy Market By Absolute Market Value Growth 2011-2016 *Passport Tracking Growth Opportunities In The Global Dairy Market Table 2 Milk production regularises in Sri Lanka Zone features Dry zone Coconut triangle Mid-country Upcountry & estate Wet zone & urbanLocation Dry zone districts in the NC, Northern and Eastern Provinces and parts of Central, southern and NW Provinces Intermediate and wet zone areas of the NW Province, and G ampaha district of the Western Province Wet zone areas in the Central Province Kandy and Matale districts Nuwaraeliya district in the Central Province and Badulla district in the Uva Province Districts in the Western, Southern and Sabaragamuwa Provinces and cities Animal types Indigenous cattle, Zebu cattle and crosses, buffalo Crosses of exotic breeds, Zebu types, crosses of indigenous animals and buffalo Pure exotic animals and crosses, and Zebu crosses Pure exotic animals and crosses Crosses of exotic breeds and Zebu type and indigenous animals and buffalo Husbandry Free gazing, or nomadic-type Large herds or sedentary small/medium-sized herds Medium-sized herds, contain grazing tethered under coconut palms Small herds, some tethering, stall feeding Small herds, set grazing Limited grazing, medium-sized herds or small herds, zero grazing Herd size Few 25 5 cows 23 cows 12 cows 23 cows Average yield 2. 1 litres/cow/dayTotal 300400 litres/cow over 180200-day lactation 34 litre s/cow/dayTotal five hundred800 litres/cow over 200-day lactation 24 litres/cow/dayTotal 1 300 litre/cow 6 or more litres/cow/dayTotal 1 700 litres/cow 3 litres/cow/dayTotal 1 5001 600 litres/cow Source Ranaweera and Attapattu 2006 Exhibit 3 Exhibit 4 Exhibit 5Exhibit 6 execution of instrument of Britannia Exhibit 7 Amul overseas presence References I. Primary data in the form of Interviews of employees involved with International projects II. Dairy Food Industry Overview in India to 2014-market investigate report,www. reportlinker. com III. GCMMF Annual Report, Financial Years 2007-2011 IV. Nestle Annual Report,2011 V. http//www. amul. com/m/organisation, 24-Feb-2012 VI. http//articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2011-03-30/india-business/29361638_1_cheese-amul-britannia-industries VII. Utterly-Butterly amuls new raod map-CNBC-TV18. html, 26-Feb-2012 VIII. http//www. dairy. co. jp/eng/eng12. html

Identify What Is Happening in the External Environment in Terms

at that place atomic number 18 trine external factors that affect short letter Political, Legal and Social. Political factors involve political stability, government support, tax incomeation and rank support. Legal factor involves things such as employment jurisprudences, consumer laws, it also influence attitudes such as sanguine eating. Social factor involves education, age, ethics, attitudes etcetera Political factors An activity related to government policy and its administrative practices that keep have an effect on something.Most business operators will keep a watchful eye on any political factor, such as new legislation or regulatory shifts, which could have a substantial impact on how their company operates and its bottom line. Political decisions involve making choices that affect broad enumerate of people and business. Government support for different types of organization- government supports different organizations in different ways. There be three types of o rganizations- private, public and nonprofit/voluntary.In private sector, government tries to create an environment where business preserve compete. In the nonprofit/voluntary sector, government support business by giving various grants and tax reliefs. In the public sector the government covers the losses made by government owned organizations. Governments hire taxation to encourage or dissuade certain economic decisions. For example, reduction in taxable individualized (or household) income by the amount paid as interest on home mortgage loans results in greater construction activity, and generates more jobs.Government also puts high taxes, for example they put high taxes on cigargonttes and alcohol to discourage smoking and drinking, and high taxes on fuel to reduce pollution by discouraging people of impulsive cars so much. Government also tries enhancing the skills of the population. They enhance education and training help to increase skills of working population. They br ook a range of training and creates the educational framework including different types of qualifications, such as Apprenticeships and NVQs. Legal factors employment must operate within the framework of the law.There are three laws that affect business Company law- how business set up and run, Contract law- contracts that business make with suppliers, employees and etc, and Competition law- how business are allowed to compare with separately other. The Contract Law is a set of rules governing the relationship, content and validity of an agreement between two or more persons regarding the sale of goods, provision of services or exchange of interests or ownership. The reason for this is cod to the big number of examples in which contracts can arise in everyday life.Contract law is law that governs viva and written agreements associated with exchange of goods and services, money, and properties. It includes consumer protection and employment law. Consumer protection involves Sales of Goods Act, this act means that the retailers have to take goods as they are described and satisfactory quality. It means that marketing should describe the mathematical product accurately. These laws are aimed at safeguarding consumers by ensuring that goods offered for sale are reasonably safe, and meet certain standards of quality to make them fit for their think use. The consumer credit act this applies to business who sells goods on credit, or companies that lend money. Business need to be certify by the Office of Fair Trading. This act wants business to give their customers updates on their account regularly. If the customer go behind the repayments the FOS may extend the time for the customer to repay their debt. Employment law means that employees are also protected at work. The contract of employment should include names of both(prenominal) parties, job call and description, instants of work, wages etc. Social factorsAre factors that influence individuals persona lity, attitudes and lifestyle. Demographic issues, when a population of a country is build uping, in that respect is an increase in goods and services and people available to work. Changes in structure means aging population. When the number of previous(a) people increase fast the demand for some goods increase, for example wheel chairs, anti-aging creams, world cruises etc. Household and families, in that location are change magnitude number of single-person households in the uk. The average marriage age is increasing aswell and many people now live alone.Education- the level of education is very important nowadays. In most all industries employers are expecting employees to have a good information about technology, and have good skills at the job theyre doing. Attitudes to work influence relationships between employers and employees. Britain has developed a long working hours culture compared to France and Italy. How external factors affect McDonalds in the UK and Lithuania McDonalds is the world largest chain of fast nutriment restaurants with more than 30000 restaurants serving 52 million customers in more than 100 countries each day.McDonalds in general sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, french-fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes and desserts. More recently, it has begun to offer salads, wraps and fruit. Each McDonalds restaurant is operated by franchise, an affiliate, or the corporation itself. The corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. McDonalds revenues grew 27% over the three years ending in 2007 to $22. 8 billion, and 9% product in operating income to $ 3. billion. Within the UK there are approximately 1200 restaurants employing over 85,000 people. In Lithuania there are just 9 restaurants employing less than 200 people. Political factors In the UK McDonalds main competitors are Chippy Shops, Subway and KFC. McDonalds ceaselessly needed to treat competitors carefully. Thats way the factor related with competitor like competitors product quality, service, price competition, market, sales, branch everything impacting McDonalds. In Lithuania the only competitor for McDonalds is Hesburger.There are not many fast regimen restaurants so there is not much competition going on. In both countries employees are impacting McDonalds because company is recruiting, training cater for company. It is not uncommon for McDonalds to be the employer of first resort for young people just entering the workforce, older workers desiring extra income, or for those planning on transferring from one corporation to another. So, employee is impacting McDonalds in this way. Legal factors In both counties McDonalds producing their product and they are serving those directly to customers.Thats way the factor of product and service is impacting McDonalds. Product quality, product variety, quick and friendly service, every thi ngs are important for company. Those got an important impact on McDonalds. Employment law also affects McDonalds in the UK and Lithuania. In the UK minim wage is Apprentice- ? 2. 65, under 18- ? 3. 68, 18 to 20- ? 4. 98 , and over 21- ? 6. 19. In Lithuania, there are not hourly wages, but the minimum salary for everyone in Lithuania is 232 euro a month.People in England has more money to spend on fast food restaurants than Lithuanians due to a larger income, therefrom McDonald restaurants make much bigger profits in the UK than in Lithuania. Social factors In the UK there are many more McDonalds restaurants than in Lithuania, mainly because of peoples Lithuanian people are more keen on healthy eating than British people. Most of Lithuanian people grow their own vegetables and fruit they also like to buy organic foods from the market, and stays away from fast food restaurants. McDonalds are not so popular in Lithuania as it is in the UK because of different coulture.

The Love in Quartier Enfants Rouges

Christina Bennett ENGL 101-043 Professor Rezen diethylstilbestrol November 7, 2012 The Love in Quartier Enfants Rouges As many people whitethorn know, make out is a real complicated thing to understand. The film, Paris, Je TAime tries to show the audience many antithetic perspectives of love in a series of short films. One of the short films in this collection is c on the wholeed Quartier des Enfants Rouges. In this short film, love is presented in a really different type of way because neither actor says they are in love with one another, they just express it with come out the other one knowing.The dress Quartier des Enfants Rouges, directed by Olivier Assayas, presents a story line where love seems to not be the master(prenominal) focus in the clip, but drugs are. Actor Lionel Dray who plays Ken, portrays a character as a drug dealer in Paris who goes to a house party to look for one of his unceasing customers, Liz (Joana Preiss). Joana Preiss takes the role of a character w ho is in the town of Paris for an acting role in a movie. When Ken stops by the house to give her the drugs, they go to an ATM because she had no cash. As she was at the ATM, Ken was tush her and trying to touch her, showing the viewers that he cares about her.After she got the cash, they went to the bar for a couple beers and she gave him her number, and told him he could stop by the casting set where she was filming the movie. As they were leaving the bar, he handed her the drugs and she gave him the money. When she was at her lagger later that night waiting to film for the movie, she called Ken and told him to come to her trailer and bring her drugs for her friend, when they were really for her. When her trailer door knocked, it was not Ken it was one of his friends, Jeff (Nicholas Maury) and Ken had sent him out to give her the drugs.Liz seemed really upset because she wanted Ken to come and not Jeff. After reviewing this film, it is easy to ca-ca that Liz and Ken have a very strange consanguinity. In the beginning of the clip, they start off as hardly knowing each other, and only knowing each other because of drugs, to falling in love and not telling one another. Olivier Assayas is trying to inform the audience by showing that communication is a huge factor when it comes to love. Without communication, a relationship goes nowhere, no matter how much love is involved.The actors present this well, because twain Liz and Ken had feelings for each other, yet they both did not know so they were both left confused, and got zip more out of the relationship. If Ken or Liz just could have said something, their relationship would go all the same further, and it is everlastingly good to know if someone has feelings or not. That is why communication is key in having a supporting and loving relationship. As a viewer of this film, the expectations someone may have are manipulated very quickly. Assayas makes his viewers view that the whole short film is about d rugs and drug dealing, when the real story behind the drugs is love.This is a very good way to get an audience hooked into studying the film, because it draws oversight to the audience, and makes them think what the real point behind this film is. As I was watching the film, I got drawn it very quickly because of the whole drug theme, since it was different from all the other films in this movie. When I watched it the first time, I did not fully understand what the short film was about, because the theme of love was so subtle, I could barely recognize why it was even apart of this movie.Since the ending left me with confusion, it just made me want to watch it again even more. Assayas does a wonderful job in getting his viewers attention because the plot and theme were different, and was unlike all the other love films that were easy to understand. This in my opinion, was overall the just about well-thought out film, and had the best theme of love that was depicted. The film Paris Je TAime, shows the audience what love is all about. Quartier des Enfants Rouges shows that drugs are not the most important thing in keeping a relationship going, but communication is.Communication is a skill that everyone needs and it makes relationships grow, and even make them stronger. Without communication, it will ultimately bury someone confused and hopeless, as shown by Lizs reaction at the end of this short film. It is always safe to keep in mind that love is not easy to find, but when it does happen, express it. kit and boodle Cited Assayas, Olivier, dir. Quartier des Enfants Rouges Paris Je TAime, 2006. Perf. Maggie Gyllenhaal, Lionel Dray, Joana Preiss, Laetitia Spigarelli, Nicholas Maury. First Look, 2007. DVD.

Cross-Cultural Competency Essay

You pass on no choice ab show up which acculturation programs you from birth. So move intot calculate others because of their cultural battles from you. All complex societies ( such as our own) contain sub husbandrys that sh be the larger cultural placelook, only when have signifi beart differences. The cultur eithery savvy Soldier pass on draw an active interest in whatsoever culture he or she works in. ReALLIT read, ask, look, listen, investigate, and stand for. boldness for styles of interaction/proper behavior, greeting rituals, local anaesthetic dress, daily r stunnedines and move workforcets, im piece of musicing, eating habits, treatment of children, major or common ceremonies and rituals, and frequencies of young men visible on the street. Soldiers who be not culturally savvy compromise the mission by alienating the locals, or even by creating major crises. All cultures impart huge amounts of information to their membersbut lotstimes it is information of a disparate type than we focus on in our culture. Cultures vary greatly round the world.Any cosmopolitanizations or so culture have exceptions. Knowledge of the specific culture is necessary. Individual characteristics and personalities vary greatly within one culture. To delegate one characteristic to everybody in a culture is called stereotyping. Cultural relativism is critical for understanding the locals among whom you work, but about cultural differences, particularly regarding ethics, keisternot be brushed aside. Things we hold to be fundamentally wrongabrogation of charit suitable rights, for examplewhitethorn require us to impose our outsiders ethical standards on locals behavior. Read materials from the TRADOC Culture shopping mall (like Smartbooks and online trainings), published ethnographies, and popular media of the area Ask locals already available to you on the FOB, such as interpreters, or culture experts around you, as well as people you meet on patrols Look at the behavior of locals in markets, on the roads, in meetings on post Listen to the conversations you have access to, as well as local media Investigate in much depth any questions that come up andThink about what you know and what you dont yet know, and how you house find out what you dont know. Often in non-Western societys feelings are not beliefs in the way we gauge of them and as such are more or less founder to modification. Things that we would call beliefs are often thought of by other cultures as just the way things are issues of fact, not opinion.Religious belief systems in particular and other aspects of locals world get a line can be driving motivators for conflict economic science is not the only reason people fight.Power SystemsIn most cultures, any visible evening gown power structure volition lie over a more fundamental, less formal, structure of determine. This be power system depart often be ground on helper-client transaction, in which patrons be come prestigious by acquiring clients who owe them favors. Often, this takes a pyramid form as more powerful patrons clean house out clients who have clients of their own. Interacting directly with this patron-client power system can be more effective than accenting to select with people in overt formal positions of power.KinshipKinship is usually much more of a cohesive social force in non-Western societies. Kin group members internalize a corporate identity element the family is viewed as an extension of the self. Often large, pyramid-shaped kin groups usually descendants of one opus (or, rarely, woman) and their dependents serve to work up political, military, economic, and ghostly activities.City vs CountryPeople in the city generally have much various slipway of living and worldviews than people in the country. Adherence to rural customs may begin to slacken, groups of acquaintances and sensation of the outside world broaden, and people may become more tolerant of others beliefs. In the countryside, no matter how remote the region, there will probably be considerable awareness of the outside world, often from men travelling outside to work. Do not underestimate the importance of verbiage in establishing unplayful relations with locals. Taking the time to learn even basic greetings can crystalise a huge difference in establishing rapport. Usually, you are starting at a disadvantage, seen as a stranger with a gun. use greetings in their own tongue shows locals that you have enough respect for them to get at an effort to speak in their language. Failure to communicate is often interpreted as hostility or at least a lack of interest. Learn some of the local language and reverse that misimpression.Knowing some of the locals language can be invaluable in servinging you determine if your interpreter isdoing his or her furrow well. Knowing the language can also slide by you insights into locals conversations, which they may presume you ca nnot understand. The language barrier is often used as a disguise of local intentions and a tool to admit separation from outsidersa sort of built-in everyday encipher. Switching languages in the course of conversation is known as code switching. In many regions of the world, most people can speak two or even terce languages.Use of a second language in the context of a conversation often helps locals maintain ethnic or otherwise specialized identities during social interaction. Generally, use of a particular language in these code-switching contexts shows insider knowledge and positive sentiment toward the culture of the language used. If you use local phrases in your communication, it can place a signal that you value local culture and want to become an insider. Demonstrating that you want to speak the local language will be much more important than your degree of expertise.Impression Management cosmea views can make you or the locals misinterpret behavior Enemy information ope rations (IO) tactics will strive to take advantage of this fact You need to be very clear and vocal as to why you undertake any action Seek feedback from those impacted by the action (stakeholders) Seek out locals concepts about Army motivationsHostile IO efforts will seek to spread negative stereotypes of the Army. They may assert that were all greedy and looking for material gain, we are ignorant and hostile to all the locals, we are dirty, we are sexually promiscuous, we are excessively violence prone, we dont really commission about the locals, and so on. The best way to combat such stereotypes is to consistently show, by your actions, that they are inaccurate. or so important is the development of trust. Never promise something you are not sure you can deliver. Do everything you theorise you are going to do and follow up with the locals to be sure they know you did it. In a chaotic environment, be the element of consistency, truthfulness, and reliability. In short order, dec eption erodes relations with locals. Be aware of and help inform Army IO campaigns in your AO. Have take to tasking points ready if locals argue with you, particularly when there is an audience. redirect the conversation to localcultural practices or, if necessary, break off contact once you have made your points, or if a local adversary gets the best of you. Be willing to admit to yourself when this is happening. Though you want to be as conversational as possible with the locals-be transparent enough that they can read for themselves your genuine good intentions-do not continue an argument about military or political issues if it gets too heated, or if you are clearly losing. Better to keep your mouth shut and be thought a fool than to open it and remove all doubt. It is much easier for your enemy to malign what you said than to malign what you did not say. Remember, from the point of view of the locals, you are the Army. Mission success often depends on your behavior presenting the Army in the best light. Locals in your area may be receiving propaganda broadcasts and leaflets in foreign languages you do not understand.Usually enemy propaganda campaigns will be carried out in the locals language, but often they will be in a language that is secondary but known to the locals. If you notice foreign language broadcasts or print media in your area, make sure the G2 is aware of it. Local insurgents may use clandestine means of communicating with and intimidating locals, such as the infamous night letters left by insurgents in local mosques in Afghanistan. Look for such means of communication if you notice a sudden about- flavour in the locals regarding U.S. Army initiatives or agreements. Just being attuned to subtleties and complexities of local social smudges usually gives the locals the upper hand in assessing the overall situation in the area. Acknowledge this and try to get the locals to share their understanding with you.There are many non-threatening way s to elicit explanations that may substantially change your perception of what is going on in your area. Asking about such non-sensitive subjects such as proper behavior greeting rituals local dress daily routines and movements transportation eating habits treatment of children and major or common ceremonies, and rituals can help give you a general picture of social life in the area and a backdrop against which to gauge your situational awareness try all the methods used by people in your area to make sense of what is going on around them. They may use completely unexpected means of assessing their environment. In Afghanistan, for example, most people can tell what region any given person comes from base solely on facial and material features.Help your Soldiers maintain their cool and reserve judgmentAn uncertain and probably harsh future adds a huge psychological burden In situations of extreme poverty, the power of money increases dramatically. For example, insurgents may be ab le to influence locals to take what might seem like insane risks for paltry material gains. If we maintain a proper perspective on the impacts of poverty, we can use this fact to our own advantage, winning the cooperation of locals and demonstrating our good will with economic development programs of relatively small scale that will provide tangible benefits quickly.The Practical Implications of want (continued)The perception of poverty can be powerfulRelative poverty can have strong psychological and social impacts People who are unable to afford symbols of material success may endure feelings of personal inferiority People who have relatively low incomes may choose to invest in highly visible itemsAdditional ReadingPerceived disparity in wealth can terminate problems between social groups, particularly when the material differences are not in line with hereditary markers of social attitude. If a particular racial or ethnic group, for example, suddenly hits on a way to make mo ney that elevates them beyond their station in the traditional hierarchy, the traditionally higher- status folks may become wrathful and take steps to keep the upstarts in their place. Commonly, those who feel the most resentment are others of the same traditional social status as their lucky, newly wealthy neighbors-Theyre no better than us, who do they think they are?Community InfluencePower of WealthOften the power of wealth is used to acquire other, more formal, types of power. In India, for example, it is not uncommon for politicians to send buses out to their rural constituents to take them all for a large feast in the city. It is understood that in exchange for this largesse, the voters will vote the powerful man into political office, whereby he can exert still more influence InfluenceOne can have influence by holding an important position in various types of groups kinship groups, religious or healing-related groups, groupings based around occupation or land use, age set groups or groups based around education. For example, the most important person in your AO may derive their status in part from being able to perform divinations. If you are not aware that divinations making decisions, explaining situations, or telling fortunes based on seemingly random occurrences, such as flipping a coin are important in your AO, you could fail to recognize the most important person for you to influenceCity and the CountryForms of community influence will differ markedly between the city and the country. Cities tend to be more oriented toward impersonal, economically based influence or western-style democratic governance. At least in the city these things may be more visible. But dont underestimate the effects of neighborhood-level influence based on patron/client relations, kinship, religion, healing, or trade guilds in the city. As always, take a cultural ReALLIT check to give you the basic lay of the social situation. The more you know about the locals, the s moother your relations with them will progress. affable StratificationMost societies separate their people into ranks of social worthCommonly, one is born into the group and its statusDifferences in status are often subtle and difficult for an outsider to detect It is important that you try to discover such differences when you deploy Low-status individuals may be the most eager to engage you and try to tuck into agreements with you in order to gain what they can from you and enhance their local status. You should engage them and learn what you can from them, but do not be hasty to enter into agreements until you understand the relative status of the people you are dealing with. In South Asia, for example, to enter into an agreement with a low-caste man could discourage later agreements with more influential high-caste men.Long-standing resentments between high-status and low-status groups can fuel conflict Genocidal conflicts have usually centered on co-residing ethnic, religious, or kin groups The group with the superior social status attempts to inflict genocide on those of lower status On a smaller scale, insurgents may exploitresentment over status differences to recruit locals or to incite destabilizing violence between locals. Since few, if any, Army missions call for destabilizing an area, you generally want to be careful to take local social stratification into account for all of your operations. Simple awareness can help you avoid worsening existing ill feelings between groups.Levels and Sources of Internal conflictThese complex webs of allegiances and grievances can make functional with locals a very tricky business. This is especially true since disagreements are usually the last thing anybody wants to talk about to outsiders. Particularly in cultures, which place a high value on saving face or public honor, people may not want to say anything that could be taken as disrespectful of their neighbors, even though they may have big problems with the m. For this reason, it is desirable when possible to talk to locals out of earshot of others so they may feel freer to hint at conflicts with their neighbors. Any information you can pick up about who gets along and who has a beef with who could be very helpful in carrying out successful engagements and initiatives with the locals.For example, if you know that members of one subgroup are in collusion with insurgents, you will be more belike to find willing partners among that groups current detractors in a lower-level conflict. Disagreements and cross-purposes regarding ethnicity, politics, religion, kin groups, or economic science are likely to exist in even the most placid-seeming community. Such conflicts can revolve around material concerns such as land, inheritance, water rights, death re-compensation, or bride price.Likewise, they may be centered on purely ideational (non-material) concerns such as religious disagreements, a history of fights between groups in the yon past, or discord over the ways children should be educated. Since people in incompatible cultures have different worldviews than our own, elements which might seem insignificant to us could be worth killing or dying for, to them. So do not discount farfetched-sounding explanations for local conflict until you have learned enough about the culture to judge. In fact, if you can get locals talking about any conflict past or present, you can learn a great deal about their culture in a short time.